Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Review

Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Practice in Korea: Yoon Jin Cha, Ju Yeon Pyo, SoonWon Hong, Jae Yeon Seok, Kyung-Ju Kim, Jee-Young Han, Jeong Mo Bae, Hyeong Ju Kwon, Yeejeong Kim, Kyueng-Whan Min, Soonae Oak, Sunhee Chang; J Pathol Transl Med. 2017;51(6):521-527. Published online October 11, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2017.09.26

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We reviewed the current status of thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in Korea. Thyroid aspiration biopsy was first introduced in Korea in 1977. Currently, radiologists aspirate the thyroid nodule under the guidance of ultrasonography, and cytologic interpretation is only legally approved when a cytopathologist makes the diagnosis. In 2008, eight thyroid-related societies came together to form the Korean Thyroid Association. The Korean Society for Cytopathology and the endocrine pathology study group of the Korean Society for Pathologists have been updating the cytologic diagnostic guidelines. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology was first introduced in 2009, and has been used by up to 94% of institutions by 2016. The average diagnosis rates are as follows for each category: I (12.4%), II (57.9%), III (10.4%), IV (2.9%), V (3.7%), and VI (12.7%). The malignancy rates in surgical cases are as follows for each category: I (28.7%), II (27.8%), III (50.6%), IV (52.3%), V (90.7%), and VI (100.0%). Liquid-based cytology has been used since 2010, and it was utilized by 68% of institutions in 2016. The categorization of thyroid lesions into “atypia of undetermined significance” or “follicular lesion of undetermined significance” is necessary to draw consensus in our society. Immunocytochemistry for galectin-3 and BRAF is used. Additionally, a molecular test for BRAF in thyroid FNACs is actively used. Core biopsies were performed in only 44% of institutions. Even the institutions that perform core biopsies only perform them for less than 3% of all FNACs. However, only 5% of institutions performed core biopsies up to three times more than FNAC.

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State of the art of thyroid pathology: FNA diagnostic accuracy in an intermediate center in Ibagué
Daniel Javier Velez Bohorquez, Nohora Bibiana Varon Arce, Sandra Milena Tellez Olaya, Sebastian Camilo Mora Garcia, Anggi Margarita Velez Bohorquez, Mabel Elena Bohorquez Lozano
Universitas Médica.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Asian Thyroid Working Group, from 2017 to 2023
Kennichi Kakudo, Chan Kwon Jung, Zhiyan Liu, Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa, Andrey Bychkov, Huy Gia Vuong, Somboon Keelawat, Radhika Srinivasan, Jen-Fan Hang, Chiung-Ru Lai
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2023; 57(6): 289. CrossRef
Diagnostic value of thyroid imaging reporting and data system combined with BRAFV600E mutation analysis in Bethesda categories III–V thyroid nodules
Liuxi Wu, Hua Shu, Wenqin Chen, Yingqian Gao, Ya Yuan, Xiao Li, Wenjuan Lu, Xinhua Ye, Hongyan Deng
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Contribution of cytologic examination to diagnosis of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Na Rae Kim, Jae Yeon Seok, Yoo Seung Chung, Joon Hyop Lee, Dong Hae Chung
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The History of Korean Thyroid Pathology
Soon Won Hong, Chan Kwon Jung
International Journal of Thyroidology.2018; 11(1): 15. CrossRef
BRAFV600E Mutation is a Strong Preoperative Indicator for Predicting Malignancy in Thyroid Nodule Patients with Atypia of Undetermined Significance Identified by Fine Needle Aspiration
Hye Rang Choi, Bo-Yoon Choi, Jae Hoon Cho, Young Chang Lim
Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2018; 61(11): 600. CrossRef
The Usefulness of Immunocytochemistry of CD56 in Determining Malignancy from Indeterminate Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology
Hyunseo Cha, Ju Yeon Pyo, Soon Won Hong
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2018; 52(6): 404. CrossRef
Thyroid FNA cytology in Asian practice—Active surveillance for indeterminate thyroid nodules reduces overtreatment of thyroid carcinomas
K. Kakudo, M. Higuchi, M. Hirokawa, S. Satoh, C. K. Jung, A. Bychkov
Cytopathology.2017; 28(6): 455. CrossRef
The Use of Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) Cytology in Patients with Thyroid Nodules in Asia: A Brief Overview of Studies from the Working Group of Asian Thyroid FNA Cytology
Chan Kwon Jung, SoonWon Hong, Andrey Bychkov, Kennichi Kakudo
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Original Article

CD9 Expression in Colorectal Carcinomas and Its Prognostic Significance: Kyung-Ju Kim, Hee Jung Kwon, Min Chong Kim, Young Kyung Bae; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(6):459-468. Published online October 25, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2016.10.02

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Abstract PDF

Background
CD9, a member of the tetraspanin superfamily, is a tumor suppressor in many malignancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of CD9 in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) and determine clinicopathological and prognostic significance of its expression.
Methods
The CD9 expression status of 305 CRCs was evaluated using a semi-quantitative scoring system in tumor cells (T-CD9) and immune cells (I-CD9) by classifying the results as high and low expression.
Results
High T-CD9 (T-CD9 [+]) expression was detected in 175 samples (57.6%) and high I-CD9 (I-CD9 [+]) expression was detected in 265 samples (86.9%). Using Kaplan- Meier survival analysis, the T-CD9 (+) group showed a tendency for better disease-free survival (DFS) (p = .057). In left-sided tumors, DFS was significantly longer in the T-CD9 (+) group (p = .021) but no statistical significance was observed with right-sided tumors (p = .453). I-CD9 (+) CRCs significantly correlated with well/moderately differentiation (p = .014). In Kaplan-Meier analysis, the I-CD9 (+) group had a tendency towards worse DFS compared to the I-CD9 (–) group (p = .156). In combined survival analysis of T-CD9 and I-CD9, we found that the longest DFS was among patients in the T-CD9 (+)/I-CD9 (–) group, whereas the T-CD9 (–)/I-CD9 (+) group showed the shortest DFS (p = .054).
Conclusions
High expression of T-CD9 was associated with a favorable DFS, especially in left-sided CRCs. Combined evaluation of T-CD9 and I-CD9 is required to determine the comprehensive prognostic effect of CD9 in CRCs.

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Increased CD9 expression predicts favorable prognosis in human cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hyun Min Koh, Bo Gun Jang, Dong Hui Lee, Chang Lim Hyun
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Ping Zeng, Meng Si, Rui-xia Sun, Xu Cheng, Xiao-yang Li, Min-bin Chen
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Case Study

Mediastinal Glomus Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review: Si-Hyong Jang, Hyun Deuk Cho, Ji-Hye Lee, Hyun Ju Lee, Hae Yoen Jung, Kyung-Ju Kim, Sung Sik Cho, Mee-Hye Oh; J Pathol Transl Med. 2015;49(6):520-524. Published online August 4, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.07.02

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Abstract PDF

A glomus tumor in the mediastinum is very uncommon, and only five cases have been reported in the English literature. We recently encountered a 21-year-old woman with an asymptomatic mediastinal mass that measured 5.3 × 4.0 cm. Surgical excision was performed, and the tumor was finally diagnosed as mediastinal glomus tumor with an uncertain malignant potential. After reviewing this case and previous reports, we analyzed the clinicopathologic features associated with progression of such a tumor.

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Joon Hyuk Choi, Jae Y. Ro
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Leila Oryadi Zanjani, Bahman Shafiee Nia, Farzad Vosoughi, Elham Mirzaian, Leila Aghaghazvini, Aidin Arabzadeh
European Journal of Medical Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Symplastic glomus tumor of the urinary bladder treated by robot-assisted partial cystectomy: a case report and literature review
Franco Palmisano, Franco Gadda, Matteo G. Spinelli, Marco Maggioni, Bernardo Rocco, Emanuele Montanari
Urologia Journal.2018; 85(3): 130. CrossRef
Thoracoscopic Surgery for Glomus Tumor: An Uncommon Mediastinal Neoplasm and Iatrogenic Tracheal Rupture
Zhongjie Fang, Dehua Ma, Baofu Chen, Huarong Luo
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Asymptomatic Glomus Tumor of the Mediastinum
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Original Article

Differential Features of Microsatellite-Unstable Colorectal Carcinomas Depending on EPCAM Expression Status: Jung Ho Kim, Jeong Mo Bae, Kyung-Ju Kim, Ye-Young Rhee, Younghoon Kim, Nam-Yun Cho, Hye Seung Lee, Mee Soo Chang, Gyeong Hoon Kang; Korean J Pathol. 2014;48(4):276-282. Published online August 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2014.48.4.276

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Abstract PDF

Background

Recent studies have revealed that a small subset of Lynch syndrome-associated colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) is caused by a germline EPCAM deletion-induced MSH2 epimutation. Based on the finding of this genetic alteration, we investigated the implications of EPCAM expression changes in microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) CRCs.

Methods

Expression of EPCAM and DNA mismatch repair proteins was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 168 MSI-H CRCs. Using DNA samples of these tumors, MLH1 promoter methylation status was also determined by methylation-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction method (MethyLight).

Results

Among 168 MSI-H CRCs, complete loss (CL) and focal loss (FL) of EPCAM expression was observed in two (1.2%) and 22 (13.1%) cases, respectively. Both of the EPCAM-CL cases were found in MSH2-negative tumors without MLH1 promoter methylation. However, only nine of the 22 EPCAM-FL tumors had MSH2 deficiency. Of the 22 EPCAM-FL tumors, 13 showed MLH1 loss, and among them, nine cases were determined to have MLH1 methylation. EPCAM-FL was significantly associated with advanced stage (p=.043), distant metastasis (p=.003), poor differentiation (p=.001), and signet ring cell component (p=.004).

Conclusions

Loss of EPCAM expression is differentially associated with clinicopathological and molecular features, depending on the completeness of the loss, in MSI-H CRCs.

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Soo Kyung Nam, Sumi Yun, Jiwon Koh, Yoonjin Kwak, An Na Seo, Kyoung Un Park, Duck-Woo Kim, Sung-Bum Kang, Woo Ho Kim, Hye Seung Lee, Wayne A Phillips
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